aptitude
For those of you who like a little more power behind your tools you will certainly appreciate the Aptitude front-end for the apt package management system. Aptitude is based on the ncurses computer termina
l library so you know it’s a pseudo-hybrid between console and gui. Aptitude has a powerful search
system as well as an outstanding ncurses-based menu system that allows you to move around selections with the tab key and the arrow keys.
dselect
dselect is one of the primary user interfaces for managing packages on
a Debian system. At the dselect main
menu, the system administrator can:
- Update the list of available package versions,
- View the status of installed and available packages,
- Alter package selections and manage dependencies,
- Install new packages or upgrade to newer versions.
uname -a
logout
df -h
/dev/sda2 /
/dev/sda7 /scratch
/dev/sda5 /user
/dev/sda6 /var
lessLess is a program similar to more (1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input filesit starts up faster than text editors like vi (1). Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with a caret.)
less xorg.conf Ubuntu LTS long term support ssh polyps p3 beluga p1 sudo shutdown -h now agpgart-serverworks can not determine aperture size open science grid
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The df command is used to show the amount of disk space that is free on file systems. In the examples, df is first called with no arguments. This default action is to display used and free file space in blocks. In this particular case, th block size is 1024 bytes as is indicated in the output.
The first column show the name of the disk partition as it appears in the /dev directory. Subsequent columns show total space, blocks allocated and blocks available. The capacity column indicates the amount used as a percentage of total file system capacity.
The final column show the mount point of the file system. This is the directory where the file system is mounted within the file system tree. Note that the root partition will always show a mount point of /. Other file systems can be mounted in any directory of a previously mounted file system. In the example, there are two other file systems, the first in mounted as /home and the second is mounted as /p4.
In the second example, df is invoked with the -i option. This option instructs df to display information about inodes rather that file blocks. Even though you think of directory entries as pointers to files, they are just a convenience for humans. An inode is what the Linux file system uses to identify each file. When a file system is created (using the mkfs command), the file system is created with a fixed number of inodes. If all these inodes become used, a file system cannot store any more files even though there may be free disk space. The df -i command can be used to check for such a problem.
The df command allows you to select which file systems to display. See the man page for details on this capability.
www.linuxjournal.com/article/2747
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fdisk -s partition ...
fdisk -v
Linux needs at least one partition, namely for its root file system. It can use swap files and/or swap partitions, but the latter are more efficient. So, usually one will want a second Linux partition dedicated as swap partition. On Intel compatible hardware, the BIOS that boots the system can often only access the first 1024 cylinders of the disk. For this reason people with large disks often create a third partition, just a few MB large, typically mounted on /boot, to store the kernel image and a few auxiliary files needed at boot time, so as to make sure that this stuff is accessible to the BIOS. There may be reasons of security, ease of administration and backup, or testing, to use more than the minimum number of partitions.
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/etc/init.d/gdm stop
/etc/init.d/gdm start
The first column show the name of the disk partition as it appears in the /dev directory. Subsequent columns show total space, blocks allocated and blocks available. The capacity column indicates the amount used as a percentage of total file system capacity.
The final column show the mount point of the file system. This is the directory where the file system is mounted within the file system tree. Note that the root partition will always show a mount point of /. Other file systems can be mounted in any directory of a previously mounted file system. In the example, there are two other file systems, the first in mounted as /home and the second is mounted as /p4.
In the second example, df is invoked with the -i option. This option instructs df to display information about inodes rather that file blocks. Even though you think of directory entries as pointers to files, they are just a convenience for humans. An inode is what the Linux file system uses to identify each file. When a file system is created (using the mkfs command), the file system is created with a fixed number of inodes. If all these inodes become used, a file system cannot store any more files even though there may be free disk space. The df -i command can be used to check for such a problem.
The df command allows you to select which file systems to display. See the man page for details on this capability.
www.linuxjournal.com/article/2747
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fdisk -l
NAME
fdisk - Partition table manipulator for LinuxSYNOPSIS
fdisk [-u] [-b sectorsize] [-C cyls] [-H heads] [-S sects] device fdisk -l [-u] [device ...]fdisk -s partition ...
fdisk -v
DESCRIPTION
Hard disks can be divided into one or more logical disks called partitions. This division is described in the partition table found in sector 0 of the disk. In the BSD world one talks about `disk slices' and a `disklabel'.Linux needs at least one partition, namely for its root file system. It can use swap files and/or swap partitions, but the latter are more efficient. So, usually one will want a second Linux partition dedicated as swap partition. On Intel compatible hardware, the BIOS that boots the system can often only access the first 1024 cylinders of the disk. For this reason people with large disks often create a third partition, just a few MB large, typically mounted on /boot, to store the kernel image and a few auxiliary files needed at boot time, so as to make sure that this stuff is accessible to the BIOS. There may be reasons of security, ease of administration and backup, or testing, to use more than the minimum number of partitions.
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/etc/init.d/gdm stop
/etc/init.d/gdm start
/srv/www/coral_users/jiadongwang
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